Developments In Cold Environments Sustainable Essay

How much are later advancements in chilly conditions feasible ? Angling can upset natural ways of life. For instance krill angling in the southern sea is exhausting food supplies for whales and penguins. Overfishing of an animal varieties can seriously exhaust its populace, now and then past recuperation. Overfishing of the patagonian toothfish in the Antarctic is as of now a worry. Base trawling gets fish by hauling nets along the ocean bed. This disturbs the eco framework by lessening light levels thought expanding turbidity and gets different species just as the objective one. Its did in the gull of Alaska, the greenland ocean and the barents ocean. Angling cites have been acquainted with limit the quantity of fish got and forestall overexploitation of the asset. Huge journey ships increment contamination in the regions from the boats and from the traveler. Vacationers and the travel industry advancements upset untamed life and harm natural surroundings prompting decreased biodive rsity. National parks have been set up to permit the travel industry while securing nature for example denali national park in Alaska was set up in 1917 and afterward extended in 1980 to prompt a more prominent region of land. Vehicles and private vehicles are prohibited from the recreation center so visitor’s need to go in leave transports on endorsed courses. The most defenseless pieces of the recreation center don’t have any streets whatsoever. So the ground is shielded from the harming impacts of vehicles. Oil slicks can happen during transport of oil from the region. For instance in 1989 there was a gigantic oil slick off the bank of Alaska when the exxon valdez oil big hauler smashed. More than 40 million liters of oil spilled into the sea and more than 250 000 winged creatures and fish were murdered. Oil slicks can happen if the pipelines spill somewhere in the range of 1977 and 1994 there were on normal 30 to 40 spills every year from the trans-the Frozen North pipelin e. A portion of these were brought about by deliberate assaults and backwoods fires. Oil pipes have programmed stopped valves so as to limit oil slicks if the pipelines are harmed.

Admission essay to the University of Southern California, MBA program Free Essays

string(111) Master in Business Administration to further, create, and improved my procured information in my school days. As a youngster who tries to be an effective agent, I have numerous fantasies. Dreams that propel me to endeavor hard so as to arrive at the objectives I am focusing on. It’s allowed to dream and I don’t need that fantasy to be only a fantasy. We will compose a custom paper test on Confirmation paper to the University of Southern California, MBA program or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now I need it to turn into a reality where I can say that I am satisfied. One of these fantasies is to turn into a fruitful specialist, similar to those famous agents that began without any preparation yet ready to become wildly successful because of its experience, mastery and information gained from the organizations they are from. Seeing specialists effective notwithstanding of the innumerable duties make me cheerful that one day I will resemble them. So as to make this fantasy a reality, I make a huge advance that would change as long as I can remember and that is to turn into a MBA. I have contemplated what Business Administration is and had been presented to various situations where my business abilities are required anyway I despite everything feel that my insight isn't sufficient to make a fruitful business individual sooner rather than later. So I want to take a crack at Master in Business Administration to further, create, and improved my gained information in my school days. You read Affirmation exposition to the University of Southern California, MBA program in class Confirmation articles I realize it would not be so natural as 1, 2, 3 and it includes a ton of persistence and mental fortitude to seek after this vocation anyway I reason in my heart to complete MBA to satisfy my fantasy and be fruitful. Then again, I pick University of Southern California-MBA program since this is the main college that would assist me with satisfying my fantasy. I am extremely finicky concerning the improvement of my instruction. I need the best for myself and the University of Southern California-MBA program is the main college that I accept that has offered the one I am searching for. The University of Southern California is an establishment of higher learning in California. It will assist me with turning into a potential businessperson in the coming years. It has various focuses and establishments inside the college direct uncommon examinations and research. Not just that, it has broad library assets which will help progressively learned and prepared to my ideal calling. Besides, the college doesn't just worry of the students’ scholarly execution yet in addition worry with their cooperation to the outside world. The college for the most part includes the understudies in associations and field excursions to enhance the learning their learning. Field trips are sorted out to create understudy enthusiasm for showing units and issues, to assemble data with respect to them, and as coming full circle exercises. The college utilized this strategy to give the understudies direct experience that can't be had in the study hall. Manu of the objects of examinations can be concentrated best on their characteristic setting. This strategy utilized by the college gives chances to understudies learning using numerous strategies other than those of perusing and talking. The remarkable basis to use in considering the prudence of a field trip is the conceivable commitment of such an excursion to the objectiveness of the course. Confirmation exposition to the University of Penn State (smeal) †MBA program I decide to take a crack at MBA-program since it is simply the sole program where I can see myself. Working together is a great deal of fun and has different difficulties that would test my abilities as a person. Through this sort of vocation, my organization aptitudes will be improved in light of the fact that I won't be just directing the business itself yet just as individuals who are included into it.  In certainty I recollect one episode path back my youth days. I once in a while went about as an agent by convincing my companion to exchange his toy with my modest quantity of cash. Fortunately, I convinced him in light of my enabling words. Over the long haul, I recently understood that I need to be a specialist. Besides, I am grade to work together later on or be utilized in business firms since I am motivated and impacted by effective businesspeople, for example, William (Bill) Gates and Donald Trumps that make themselves to the top notwithstanding of the foes they meet en route. So since I need to follow their strides, I would try to get ready and prepare myself to confront the universe of business that is the reason I need to be conceded in the MBA program of this college. I plan to concede myself in this college since I immovably accept that this college has such a great amount to offer to its understudies. It is a nonsecretarian, secretly controlled organization of higher learning. It caters the particular needs of its understudies, give quick analyses and open to various types of exercises that would make the understudies serious and do momentous results. Professors’ instructing abilities are the other explanation too why I need to be conceded in this college. Sound standards of instructing are planned deliberately watched realities or dispassionately which are basic to a progression of comparative encounters, for example, they should be painstakingly recognized from the presumptions of alleged rocker theory which are made up to a great extent of absolutely hypothetical standards dependent on experience, reality, examination, or experimentation. What's more, its educators utilize the standards of lessons that are determined through pooling of the assessments of specialists; through relative investigations of the showing execution; through test investigations of instructing and learning in the homeroom. These standards are instructed to the understudies to be scholarly and adaptable to confront foes identified with business. Then again, understudies are allowed by this program to do the test strategy for inquire about identified with business which is the most significant in training, is utilized basically to test and assess by theory. Its capacity is the assessment points, strategies or strategies, and procedures utilized in educating and learning. In the field of Master in Business Administration program in this college, it is commonly acknowledged that standards are found. Rules that develop out of amassed information on how certain practices influence learning speaks to a stage in relating hypothesis to genuine practice. What's more, the utilization of exploratory strategy by educators of this program has built up a huge assortment of experimentally reported data pretty much all territories of human development and advancement, particularly in the field of instructing and learning business. It very well may be said that without satisfactory formative advancement, methods of educating and learning business can't be attempted. Research in progress continually gives new understandings to complex issues that are associated with instructing and learning. These standards applied by the program dazzle me a great deal that would make me want to be one of the understudies of this program. Confirmation article to the University of California Davis †MBA program  â â â â â â â MBA or Master of Business Administration is everyone’s dream in the event that he graduated in business organization. It is an accomplishment for a person to complete this master’s qualification. I have various reasons why I need to do a MBA. It is fundamentally for my personal growth anyway I have five reasons that are on my top rundown. First thing is, I solidly accept that MBA program would permit me to have further examinations that would improve my insight and aptitudes identified with the field of my specialization; consequently, it will get me refreshed to any ongoing buzz identified with this field. Also, MBA offers a great deal of chances particularly we are in this cutting edge and serious existence where everybody must has its own edge to adapt the opposition; subsequently it is an edge for me on the off chance that I have a MBA. Thirdly, MBA guarantees greatness and distinction business training that prepares people to be serious and perform errands effectively. The fourth one is it gives me more chances to be presented to various subjects, for example, financial aspects, worldwide business, showcasing, money and so forth that I don’t learn in my past investigations and I get the opportunity to focus on my picked zone of specialization. The last one would be, MBA doesn't just prepare me scholastically yet it would change my viewpoints in life through the unbending preparing and studies that I will be experiencing. I am peering toward University of California, Davis for my MBA as my accomplice in my future business achievement since it is a sound and legitimate college delivering quality and serious alumni. The program itself expects understudies to have direct experimentation, perception, contextual analyses, surveys and meets, or include serious perusing, shifts realities, and translation of information to have direct learning related in business. I have discovered that the educators of the University of California Davis instilled the significance of experimentation to their understudies particularly in the MBA program. In addition, I consider University of California Davis as a decent counterpart for my learning since it is a college that has such a great amount to provide for its understudies. I firmly accept that the educators and offices here are well-prepared which can help the necessities of the understudies. One thing that pulls in me most in this college is the manner in which the educators show their understudies. This is the college too which has close collaboration with the network which serves to the working of current training. We as a whole realize that the network needs the school as a positive power for social and financial advancement. There are numerous issues in the network, for example, those identifying with wellbeing, monetary, and social pr

4 Secrets Your Sales Team Can Learn From The Competitive Sports Arena

4 Secrets Your Sales Team Can Learn From The Competitive Sports Arena Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!4 Secrets Your Sales Team Can Learn From The Competitive Sports ArenaUpdated On 30/07/2019Author : Ram kumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/32Yzfll CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogHaving an effective sales team is going to make a big difference for your company. If your sales team is going through tough times, your business’s revenue is going to drop rapidly. You need to get them back on track as quickly as possible. The good news is that there are plenty of ways to fix things. While some products might sell themselves, everything starts with a process. This is also true for professional sports teams. Therefore, your sales team can learn a great deal from the competitive sports arena.Below, you will learn about the four secrets that your sales team can learn from the competitive sports arena.No More TrapsA lot of salesmen and women believe that it is all about trapping the customer. So, they put together an elaborate plan to get the customer’s attention and trap them into the sale. This is a bad idea. It is much bigger than this. When it comes to selling, there are tons of variables to consider. If one of them is out of place, you’re going to have a tougher time selling. On top of that, the Internet has changed everything. This makes it possible for people to sell to people. Your sales team needs to begin looking outside of the box to come up with successful sales tactics.Adjusting Their AttitudeIt takes a special type of person to be successful on the field or court. It also requires grit to be a successful salesperson. Whether you’re trying to convince someone to play domino online or you’re trying to sell vacuum cleaners, you need grit. This is something your sales team can learn from sports. If they do not have enough grit and motivation, they’re going to fail before they even get started. Instill this in your sales te am and you’ll have a much better chance of achieving success in the future.READMaximize Your Time In The Office With These Simple TipsMaking The Odds FavorableWhen it comes down to it, professional sports teams are always trying to level the playing field. They’ll do so by using certain players and specific plays. Well, you should try to do the same. You need to push the odds in your favor. The best way to do this is by putting together a plan that is specifically designed to suit the needs of your customers. You should step into their shoes and develop a simple pitch that will play on their emotions. This will get them to buy and it’ll make your sales team more profitable.Finding SimilaritiesFinally, you should know how important it is to find common ground between yourself and the customer. If you’re unable to do this, the customer is never going to trust you. In return, you won’t be able to sell your products. This is something your sales team can learn from professiona l sports. If you’re able to discover that common ground, you’ll be given the time to pitch your product. This will increase the likelihood that you’re going to seal the deal. This is very similar to what professional sports teams do to be successful.

Gender Roles in the United States - 842 Words

Throughout history, women have been regarded as of lesser value than men particularly in the public sphere. This is the result of gender stratification. Gender stratification refers to the issue of sexism, â€Å"or the belief that one sex is superior to the other† (Carl et al., 2012, p. 78). The theory that men are superior to women is essential to sexism. Sexism has always had negative consequences for women. It has caused some women to avoid pursuing successful careers typically described as â€Å"masculine†Ã¢â‚¬â€perhaps to avoid the social impression that they are less desirable as spouses or mothers, or even less â€Å"feminine.† The public sphere is known as the area of production and includes everything outside the home; education, politics, medicine, media, trades etc. It is men who tend to be located in this sphere. The private sphere is known as the area of reproduction and includes everything domestic; washing, ironing, buying food, cooking, house maintenance, childcare etc. It is women who tend to be located in the sphere. Whereas in recent decades major strides toward gender equality have been made, sociologists are quick to point out that much remains to be done if inequalities in the United States are ever to be eliminated. Behind much of the inequalities seen in education, the workplace, and politics is sexism, or prejudice and discrimination because of gender. Fundamental to sexism is the assumption that men are superior to women. Social and cultural conditioningShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Of The United States1195 Words   |  5 PagesGender roles refer to the set of social and behavioral norms that are socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex. Gender roles are never comprehensive, even within a single country, and they are always historically and culturally unpredictable. Gender roles in the United States for one cultural group likely is not true for another cultural group. Similarly, gender roles in the United States have changed drastically over the time period. Gender roles has been the historical evolution fromRead MoreGender Roles Throughout The United States939 Words   |  4 PagesGender plays a substantial role in how Chicanxs and Latinxs live their lives in the United States. Despite that both men and women who identify as Chicanxs or Latinxs, have had a very rough time feeling accepted and respected in the United States, gender is one of the many factors that contributes to how thes e individuals live out their lives. Hegemony in gender roles contributes to the different lifestyles both at work and in society of Chicanx and Latinx men and women in the way that women andRead MoreGender Roles in Vietnam and in the United States1178 Words   |  5 Pagesinterviewed my grandmother with gender role because I think she knows more about that. So she could help me understand more about gender roles between the two countries such as Vietnam and the United States as well as what is a difference compared to the past and present. My grandmother was born and raised in Vietnam has more than 45 years ago, before my grandmother emigrated and lived in the United States so far. I posed various questions about the gender role with her. She replied that when sheRead MoreTraditional Gender Roles During The United States835 Words   |  4 PagesSarah (1998) examined traditional gender roles among men and women in the United States as well as in Mexico. The study revealed distinct differences between traditional gender roles perceptions held by Americans and Mexicans. The authors state that family settings in Mexico have been characterized by a dominance of the husband. The women are expected to make sacrifices for the sake of their families. They engage in household chores while the men are tasked with the role of providing income to the familyRead MoreGender Roles in the Abrahamic Faiths in the United States564 Words   |  2 PagesGender roles, like all other facets of society, have changed greatly since the Pilgri ms landed in 1620. While Christians were the first to practice an Abrahamic religion in what is now the United States, Jews and Muslims quickly followed, and they had to situate themselves within a predominantly Christian societal framework. In the early 1800s, Charleston, South Carolina, was home to many Jews (Marcus 64), though nowadays there tend to be large Jewish communities in large cities. In 1806, Myer MosesRead MoreGender Aspects Of Gender Roles In South Africa998 Words   |  4 Pagesmay know gender roles are the roles that us women and men play in society. Our society has a set of ideas for how they expect men and women to be. They determine how us females and males think, speak, dress and interact with society. Children begin to learn about gender roles at a very young. Around the age of three they begin to notice the differences between girls and boys. They are passed on from one generation to another. Gender roles are constantly changing throughout time. Gender roles are differentRead MoreGender Roles And The United Arab Emirates1496 Words   |  6 Pagesin the workplace. Though not fully accomplished, women in the United States have made major advancements. Some women in other countries on the other han d, such as those in the Arab Emirates, are still far behind in achieving an equal work life. In showing the idea that gender roles are socially constructed rather than biologically determined, the similarities and differences between the United States’ and the United Arab Emirates’ gender specific job stereotypes, pay differences between males and femalesRead MoreThe Republic, By Plato1250 Words   |  5 PagesKallipolis to adopt gender blind equality since banishing women from the workforce would be equivalent to wasting half of the city’s resources. Regardless of whether it was intentional, Plato’s ideal society adopts a form of gender equality that was radically ahead of its time. The contrasts between Kallipolis and the United States are stark. On the issue of gender equality I believe that the United States could learn from the model of Kallipolis. Plato’s society exhibits a form of gender equality thatRead MorePhilippines Annexation and US Masculinity1258 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿In 1898, the United States of America was in the midst of a complete remolding of the nations reputation. Just having recently ended the Civil War among the states in the United States and once again forging war with the Spanish-American War, the United States was after a more masculine image and reputation. Due to the nature of the country at that moment in time, the American government wanted to prove their superiority among other emerging nations and in doing so chose to colonize and annex nationsRead MoreGender Roles And The Media867 Words   |  4 Pagesmany roles that men have, such as, police officer, doctor and running to become president, while a nurse and tea cher have emerged as both men and women jobs. Over time, the media show how gender role had changed but are what the media is showing the truth about the gender roles in the United States. Historian and scholar had written about this subject of gender roles and how the media affect our view. Thesis statement Reality vs. Fiction Is the media giving the public a reality of how gender roles

Leonardo Da Vinci The Most Famous For His Art - 1448 Words

Carly Henry S. Martinez English IV - 1st hour 3/29/16 Leonardo Da Vinci When hearing the name Leonardo da Vinci, what comes to mind? For many people it will be his artwork. This is because of all of the accomplishments da Vinci has, he is most famous for his art. What many people don’t know was that he was also a scientist, inventor, and philosopher. Da Vinci lived in a time period known as the Renaissance. This was a time of knowledge and enlightenment, and it gave birth to many of the world’s most talented and educated people. Leonardo da Vinci was a very symbolic artist, but his knowledge and inventions are what led others to follow his lead, making him the main influence of the Renaissance period. Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian man born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He received very little formal education, but his artistic abilities were evident from a very young age. By the time Leonardo was fourteen, he had began an apprenticeship with Andrea del Verrocchio. This apprenticeship taught him many skills including: metalwork, leather arts, carpentry, drawing, painting, and sculpting. The earliest known work by da Vinci is a pen-and-ink drawing of the landscape in Arno Valley in 1473. By age twenty, Leonardo qualified for a membership as a master artist in Florence s Guild of Saint Luke, where he established his own workshop. In 1476 Leonardo da Vinci was charged, alongside of four other men, with sodomy. Although the charges were dropped, da Vinci’sShow MoreRelatedLeonardo Da Vinci, the Epitome of the Italian Renaissance Essay792 Words   |  4 Pagesrenowned city was famous for supplying some of the best artists in the world and for creating the some of the worl d’s most treasured art. Leonardo da Vinci, possibly one of the greatest painters in the world, was born in Florence and lived his adulthood in Florence, the essence and heart of the Italian Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci virtually changed the world and the Italian Renaissance by greatly influencing it with his fresh and unique ideas. Leonardo da Vinci, one of the most famous and acclaimedRead MoreThe Greatness Of Leonardo Da Vinci Essay910 Words   |  4 Pages The Greatness of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci is known as one of the greatest artiest and scientist of our time. He was a famous artist, architect, musician and scientist. He was one of the first to take a scientific style towards understanding how our world works and how we see it. While critically influenced by the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans, Leonardo, unlike many of his colleagues, saw the limitations of seeking the truth solely in those writings or the Bible (Leonardo’sRead MoreThe Da Vinci Code By Dan Brown1304 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Learn how to see. Realize that everything connects to everything else.†(Balt, 2013). This is a quote by Leonardo da Vinci and states one of his main ideas; knowledge will open your mind to new ideas and helps you learn about the past. A book that represents this quote, is the Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown. This book is the thrilling story of Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu in their hunt to solve the dying wish of Sophie’s grandfather. Not only does it contain a fantastic storyline, it also is fullRead MoreThe Renaissance Painting : Leonardo Da Vinci And Leonardo Da Vinci971 Word s   |  4 Pagesartists creating art during the Renaissance period used fresco on plaster walls and oil on stretched canvas. Using these type of materials, helped give the paintings more perspective, depth, and color. Although there were multiple artists throughout the Renaissance period, two of the most famous artists were Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci. Michelangelo created the sculpture of â€Å"Pietà  Ã¢â‚¬  and paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Leonardo Da Vinci became known for two of his paintings, â€Å"Mona Lisa†Read MoreDa Vinci : A Genius And The Definition Of A Renaissance Man1326 Words   |  6 PagesDa Vinci has been called a genius and the definition of a Renaissance man. â€Å"Renaissance man† as â€Å"A man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences.† This is a term still used today, and its derivation is obvious. Many people in the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries were s killful artists and scientists, but Leonardo da Vinci was the quintessential Renaissance man†. His talents without a doubt extended far beyond his artistic works. Like manyRead MoreRenaissance Art: Leornardo Da Vinci Essay665 Words   |  3 Pagesartist is Leonardo da Vinci. He was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. The famous artist died on May 2, 1519 in Amboise, France. While he was alive he was a part of the Renaissance style of art. I decided to pick da Vinci because I don’t know that much about art history but the name Leonardo da Vinci stands out to everyone so I figured it would be interesting to learn about one of the most influential artists in history. When Leonardo was born his father, Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci tookRead MoreStudying Renaissance through Its Art Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we think about art there are many mediums used to express how artist feel. Some artists express themselves using pictures, music, or films. When you think of specific time periods the art work of that period expresses the overall emotions of the people, and we can learn a lot about a time period by studying the art of the time. The time period that most expresses is the Renaissance. The Renaissance is known for the paintings, sculptures and most decorative art from the European period historyRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci And His Contributions To Western Civilization1200 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Leonardo da Vinci and His Contributions to Western Civilization Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most famous artists to have ever lived, and his contributions to the development of western civilization are irrefutable. Born on April 15, 1452, near Florence, Italy, one would not have guessed that he was destined for a life of greatness. He was the illegitimate child of an up-and-coming notary and a peasant girl, and he spent most of his childhood with his doting father (â€Å"Da Vinci - The RenaissanceRead MoreAnalysis of Da Vincis Work as Being Reflective and Definitive of the Renaissance Period948 Words   |  4 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci and the Renaissance Period Objective The objective of this work examines the how Leonardo Da Vincis work is reflective and definitive of the Renaissance period and as well, describes some of Da Vincis art. This work will discuss the use of line, form, color, texture, and materials as found within one of his works and will state reasons this time period was chosen to examine in this work and why it is found to be appealing. Introduction Leonardo Da Vince was born April 15,Read MoreHumanism : Leonardo Da Vinci And The Renaissance1459 Words   |  6 Pagescentering their works on man and his experience on earth rather than in the afterlife. The Renaissance was a â€Å"gateway† to the modern world with the flourish of the arts, science, and architecture. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci or more commonly known as Leonardo da Vinci was the embodiment of the term â€Å"Renaissance Man† because he studied various disciplines. Leonardo Da Vinci’s ideas and bodies of work have influenced countless artists, scientist, and others and made Da Vinci a leading light of the Renaissance

Integumentary Disorder Lyme s Disease - 1176 Words

Integumentary Disorder: Lyme’s Disease (Begin by defining Lyme’s Disease†¦) Lyme disease is a bacterial infection transmitted by a tick with the potential for great harm if undetected and undiagnosed. The Center for Disease Control estimates that 300,000 people are diagnosed every year with Lyme disease. â€Å"According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2013, New Hampshire had the second highest incidence rate of Lyme disease in the country.† (Blumenthal) Even though people think of this disease as an East Coast phenomenon it is actually found all over the United States and in other countries. Diagnosing Lyme disease can be difficult, which leads to misdiagnosis and treatment for other conditions. This is primarily because Lyme disease symptoms mimic several other diseases. People who spend time outdoors are at higher risk for tick bites, as are children. The disease can affect people of all ages. Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia Burgdorferi (BB). The tick acquires the virus when it feeds on wild animal hosts such as rodents and birds. Once the tick becomes infected it is able to transmit the BB to other animals and/or humans. The spread of the BB bacteria into the central nervous system varies in incidence and speed between individuals, but when it does happen the spirochaetes (bacteria that have a distinctive spiral shape and under magnification look like little telephone cords or corkscrews) may

Credible Sources for Professional Research -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCredible Sources for Professional Research and Writing. Answer: Importance of using Credible Sources as a Tertiary Writer At each stage of learning, especially at the tertiary level, the students are expected and required to gather, research as well as apply the information which is structurally correct. In this context, the word structural can be used to describe the facts on a broader note. In modern times, huge amount of information as well as data is available over the Internet. Not all of it is accurate or even honest. Tertiary education refers to the education an individual receives after the completion of his secondary level of education. It also increases the scope for promotion and opens up better opportunities for an individual by increasing his work efficiency and knowledge (Johnson et al., 2014). The tertiary level of education teaches individuals about the concepts of what is real and what is not. They are required form their own personal opinion regarding a topic rather than blindly following the views and perception of other authors or individuals. It is therefore, expected that students undergoing tertiary education should cite credible sources in their research and academic writing. The internet is filled with information from numerous sources in abundance, yet none of them can be considered reliable in nature. Most content available in the internet has often been observed to be wrong and filled with non-relevant information. In case of research and academic writing, they are very different from the other forms of writing. The academic writing and research papers need to comprise of information that is precise, and addresses the topic directly without the use of assumptions and metaphors. The use of credible sources in their papers also portrays the critical thinking, analytical and observation skills of the student in the selection of a credible source of information. It also implies that the student has a sense of sincerity towards the purpose, is dedicated and willing to evaluate various sources of information to provide high quality content in his papers. Credible sources of information also serve to portray that the writings of the student do not reflect his own personal decisions and rather depicts how he arrived at the conclusion regarding a topic (Winter Krmer, 2014). The use of credible sources also acts as reference to the readers and also helps the student to avoid plagiarism in his paper. Lastly, it is essential in order to meet the requirements and expectations of the academic community that the student is writing for. Importance of Credible Sources in Professional research and writing The readers always expect the writer to back up his thoughts, opinions and claims to be backed with proper evidence. The use of credible sources serves to fulfill this purpose and strengthens the paper. For instance, if a doctor performs a surgery based on the information he gathered from a random source, no individual would feel confident to visit him, let alone give priority to his surgery, regardless of the outcome. However, if the same doctor states that his surgery would be based on the information he acquired from a renowned medical journal, it would find higher preference among his patients and they would feel more confident about the doctors work. Therefore, the presence of credible sources implies that the author has put in hours of effort into analyzing, deducing and collecting relevant information from reliable sources (Marshall Rossman, 2014). At the time of researching, it is immensely important for the researcher to determine the positions as well as reliability of each source or author. The readers will have high degrees of expectations from the authors work and require the presence of recent information, accurate and reliable in nature. It is necessary for the author to meet the expectations and requirements of the readers, and thus this puts more emphasis on the presence of credible information in his work. Credible sources of information serve to increase the overall quality of the paper, and make it more believable to the readers (Cope, 2014). The expertise of the author is regarding a professional research is judged in accordance to his use of reliable information sources. An author who cites information from unreliable sources would find it difficult to convince the readers that his claim is accurate and this would affect the integrity of his research paper (Elo et al., 2014). Comparison between the Two Sources A journal (Edwards et al., 2013) and a Facebook page (M.facebook.com, 2018) based on the topic leadership skills are analyzed in order to conduct a comparison between the credibility of the journal article and the social media post. A journal article is considered to be a relevant source of information in the fields of medicine and scientific research. It has a great value of academic significance. The journal in discussion here has the presence of detailed information pertaining to the definition, characteristics, types and practices as well as describing the importance the importance of leadership in an organization or team. The Facebook page on the other hand, posts quotes by famous leaders and motivational quotes on leadership. However, the page does not address any of the details pertaining to the leadership skills, what are they, how are they developed, and what is their importance. It completely neglects all of these aspects. The information presented by the journal has a great significant value in teaching individuals about leadership and how it can be developed aiding in the professional development of an individual, unlike the Facebook posts. The journal article clearly cites the names of the authors and the sources they used as reference for the research. This information is completely absent in the Facebook page, and the name of the owner of the page is absent as well. Usually in case of science, medicine and technology the journal needs to be recent in order to be acceptable as these fields are constantly undergoing change. The journal referred here is recent in nature and being based on management may be relevant for a longer period of time. On the other hand, the Facebook page is observed to be posting content in a non-periodic manner, days often passing by without any posts. In case of the journal it is written by experts making the information present in it more credible. The Facebook page however, mentions no such information and it is unclear whether the posts are made by experts. Most of the content posted in the page has been observed to contain grammatical errors and spelling mistakes, but the journal article is well edited with the presence of proper grammar. A proper reference list is present in the journal citing all the relevant sources for further reference on to the topic of discussion, which is absent in the posts made by the Facebook page. It is due to these reasons that the journal article can be stated to have a greater degree of merit and credibility than the social media posts (Abbasi Liu, 2013). Reference Abbasi, M. A., Liu, H. (2013, April). Measuring user credibility in social media. InInternational Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling, and Prediction(pp. 441-448). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Cope, D. G. (2014, January). Methods and meanings: credibility and trustworthiness of qualitative research. InOncology nursing forum(Vol. 41, No. 1). Edwards, G., Elliott, C., Iszatt-White, M., Schedlitzki, D. (2013). Critical and alternative approaches to leadership learning and development. Management Learning,44(1), 3-10. Elo, S., Kriinen, M., Kanste, O., Plkki, T., Utriainen, K., Kyngs, H. (2014). Qualitative content analysis: A focus on trustworthiness.Sage Open,4(1), 2158244014522633. Johnson, L., Becker, S. A., Cummins, M., Estrada, V. (2014).2014 NMC Technology Outlook for Australian Tertiary Education. The New Media Consortium. Leadership Skills. (2018).M.facebook.com. Retrieved 4 April 2018, from https://m.facebook.com/Leadership-Skills-577593632290882/?ref=content_filter Marshall, C., Rossman, G. B. (2014).Designing qualitative research. Sage publications. Winter, S., Krmer, N. C. (2014). A question of credibilityEffects of source cues and recommendations on information selection on news sites and blogs.

Before Act 1 Scene 3 Essay Example

Before Act 1 Scene 3 Essay Before Act 1 Scene 3, Romeo and Juliet got married in private, as their two families had been rivals for years. If the families had found out about this secret arrangement, both Romeo and Juliet would have been disowned. This is an example of Shakespeares use of dramatic irony because in the play only the audience, along with two other characters the friar and the nurse knew that they were married.In Act 3 scene 1, Benvolio and Mercutio were in the public place in Verona. Benvolio tried to convince Mercutio to go home but he refused adamantly. Benvolio wanted to leave before Tybalt and the Capulets arrive but Mercutio refused. The Capulets arrived and Tybalt confronted Mercutio. But Tybalt did not intentionally seek Mercutio to quarrel with him; he wanted Romeo as he gatecrashed the Capulets party. Romeo arrived and saw Mercutio arguing with Tybalt. Romeo tried to keep the peace but Tybalt attacked him.Mercutio jumped in and started a fight with Tybalt. Romeo again tried to interve ne but was not successful and Tybalt accidentally stabbed Mercutio and died. Tybalt, horrified at what he had done, ran off with the rest of the Capulets and Romeo gave chase. Romeo caught up with Tybalt and both of them had a duel. Romeo slayed Tybalt. Realizing what he had done, Romeo ran to the church where friar Lawrence consoled him. In the Town Square however, all the officials and the families of the deceased gathered together and the final judgement of the prince was to banish Romeo.In the play, this scene is a turning point, as the banishment of Romeo created a need for Juliet to escape Verona by the mock death plot in which Juliet would take a concoction that would intoxicate her and cause her to sleep for some days. Her parents would think her dead and bury her and when she awoke she would go and find Romeo. However, it was unsuccessful because the distance created a breakdown in the communication between the lovers because Romeo did not receive Juliets letter explaining her plan. The rumour spread and Romeo heard that Juliet was dead he believed it and poisoned himself, by her side.In the play, many of the characters are portrayed differently. Benvolio is portrayed as a pacifist who tries to keep the peace. We know this because in the film, when the Montague servants encounter the Capulet boys, and start a brawl, Benvolio tries to keep the peace. I do but keep the peace. Put up thy sword, or manage it to part these men with me.Tybalt on the other hand is often presented as an aggressive person for example in Act 1 Scene 1, his response to Benvolios plea to help stop the servants fighting is, What talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee. But in Act 3 Scene 1 he is determined to fight Romeo but he is peaceful towards the other Montagues. When Romeo finally comes, Tybalt says, Well peace be with you, sir: here comes my man. Mercutio is portrayed as a belligerent joker who likes to show off. He even jokes at the hour of h is death.Ask for me tomorrow and you find me a grave man. This shows that he is determined to maintain his honour even if he going to die and this is a pun because it means that he would be dead but what he meant that he would be a sober man. Romeo changes his characteristics quite a lot. At first he is portrayed as a hapless lover and dreamer who is hopeless in romance. Why, such loves transgression; Griefs of mine own lie heavy in my breast. He is then portrayed as a peacemaker in act 3 scene 1. And so, good Capulet, which name I tender as dearly as my own, be satisfied. This is dramatic irony once again as only the audience, the friar and the nurse know that Romeo and Juliet have got married but nobody else so Mercutio is shocked.The film is different from the play in many different ways. In the film, in Act 3 Scene 1, it is clear from the expression on Benvolios face (played by Dash Mikok) that he is apprehensive about the possibilities of impending violence. The audience sees the expression of his face as the Director (Baz Luhrman) shows a close up of Benvolios face to dramatise the anxiety that he is facing.When the Capulet boys arrive, they are dressed in black and they are armed which immediately shows that they want to cause trouble and are ready for a western High Noon shootout. When the Capulet boys confront The Montague boys, Mercutio, being the provocateur that he is, mocks Tybalt and Baz Luhrman dramatises this part as the cameras spin round the two characters as Mercutio attempts to strike Tybalt.One of the most important parts of this scene is the part where Tybalt attacks Romeo. The director dramatises this by showing a close up of Tybalt savagely attacking Romeo who does not strike back. The other most important part of this scene is the part where Mercutio exclaims, A plague in both your houses! In the play, Mercutio utters these words three times, but in the film he screams it out and it echoes over and over again. The weather changes fro m light and sunny but then it goes dark and cloudy and it starts to rain. This is dramatic as it is more powerful the way it sounds and the way Baz Luhrman used the weather to add effect is known as pathetic fallacy.The ending of the scene, when Romeo kills Tybalt, is very important as well. The weather (pathetic fallacy) is also gloomy in this part and when Tybalt and Romeo are driving, the director shows a close up of both their faces, which indicates that something bad is going to happen as they both have the same expression on their faces, which is that of anger and desperation. It is shown in slow motion as well and the director uses that to make it more powerful. When Romeo confronts Tybalt, He screams at him, Either thou, or I, or both, must go with him! This is dramatised as Romeo and Tybalt seem to be the only ones in the square and once again Baz Luhrman (director) uses pathetic fallacy to add to the tension.There are many people to blame for the death of Romeo and Juliet. Firstly theres Tybalt: the impetuous, violent person, the leader of the Capulet boys. He wanted revenge for when Romeo gatecrashed the Capulets party and he is the plays first murderer as he kills Mercutio. Another person to blame for the murder of Romeo and Juliet is Mercutio. If he had listened to the advice of Benvolio and had left the scene, he still would have been alive.Romeo is also to blame for his and Juliets death because he should have told everyone, including Tybalt, that he had married Juliet and this would have stopped Mercutio from getting angry. Oh calm, dishonourable, vile submission! Mercutio thought that Romeo was giving in to Tybalts beatings and this is why he was angry. Also if Tybalt had known, he wouldnt have viciously attacked Romeo. Fate had the biggest hand in the whole play. Even if the lovers had avoided making all those mistakes, fate was out of their hands and each event and mishap in each scene built up to the tragic deaths of both Romeo and Juliet.T his scene links up to the rest of the play as the main themes are love Romeo and Rosaline and then Romeo and Juliet, hate Tybalt and Romeo, Rivalry Montagues and Capulets and fate the death of the lovers. These are all found in the play and the film and they epitomise the play. This scene also shows the biggest duel of the Montague family and the Capulet family. But in the end they realise the wrong they have done and the loved ones that they have lost. Without this scene the play would not have been as powerful because all the previous scenes build up towards this scene. If this scene was not in the play, the ending wouldnt be so climaxed and dramatised and tragic.The reaction of an Elizabethan audience would be different because during the Elizabethan period, they valued honour and pride greatly and the scene when Romeo gate-crashed the Capulets party and wounded Tybalts pride would have caused a negative effect on an Elizabethan audience but it would not cause any effect on t odays audience.

Role of Social Media in Impacting Consumer Behaviour in Particular Market Segment Essay Example

Role of Social Media in Impacting Consumer Behaviour in Particular Market Segment Essay Example Role of Social Media in Impacting Consumer Behaviour in Particular Market Segment Essay Role of Social Media in Impacting Consumer Behaviour in Particular Market Segment Essay myriad options of a specific product to choose from. This study by us, tries to identify the impact of social media on specific market segment and also the possible marketing strategies. INTRODUCTION Successful companies are adopting social media tools to meet an array of goals including communicating more effectively, monitoring their brands and researching perspective employees. More of them are blogging, tweeting and networking than ever before, and the trend looks like it will continue. Longitudinal data on the Inc. 500 and the Fortune 500 shows social media is fast becoming an integral part of a company’s marketing strategy and that the social media tools of choice are shifting. The internet has upended how consumers engage with brands. It is transforming the economics of marketing and making obsolete many of the functions traditional strategies and structures. For marketers, the old way of doing business is unsustainable. Consider this: Not long ago, a car buyer would methodically pare down the available choices until he arrived at the one that best met his criteria. A dealer would reel him in and make the sale. The buyers relationship with both the dealer and the manufacturer would typically dissipate after the purchase. But today, consumers are promiscuous in their brand relationships: They connect with myriad brandsthrough new media channels beyond the manufacturers and the retailers control or even knowledgeand evaluate a shifting array of them, often expanding the pool before narrowing it. After a purchase these consumers may remain aggressively engaged, publicly promoting or assailing the products theyve bought, collaborating in the brands development, and challenging and shaping their meaning. Consumers still want a clear brand promise and offerings they value. What has changed is whenat what touch pointsthey are most open to influence, and how you can interact with them at those points. In the past, marketing strategies that put the lions share of resources into building brand awareness and then opening wallets at the point of purchase worked pretty well. But touch points have changed in both number and nature, requiring a major adjustment to realign marketers strategy and budgets with where consumers are actually spending their time. The use of social media by consumer is increasing with 83% of the internet population using social media . Companies have followed suite, embracing social media as a way to market to their consumers. With more consumers and organizations using social media, the question that has yet to really be addressed is – are these companies receiving a return on their investment? With 81% of surveyed executives expecting to increase the money spent on social media projects and reduce traditional marketing, there is still little research on the effect of social media on purchasing decisions . Previous research is conflicting with some consumers leaning towards the idea that social media does influence a purchase decision and some lean away, saying that social media has little influence. Additionally, it’s important to understand if there is a difference between gender and different age groups and how social media influences these different groups when it comes to purchasing decisions. The results of this study will start addressing these questions and concerns surrounding the larger picture of social media and purchasing decisions. LITERATURE REVIEW THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN ONLINE CONSUMER FLOCKING Wikipedia describes social media as the online technologies and practices that people use to share opinions, insights, experiences, and perspectives with each other. Social media began with personal email communications of the early 1990’s to the current social networking communications at Twitter. com, Facebook. com, MySpace. com and Ning. om. Media itself has evolved from broadcast where audiences are assumed to be passive recipients of information and interactive which is less passive and allows for some feedback from the recipients to social where audience involvement is active and are very often co-creators of content, context, and connections. Nedelka (2008) categorizes all social media into three groups: content syndication (blogs, podcasts, videocasts) , content sharing (user-generated content, wikis, widgets, reviews) and community building (social networks, online communities). However, the context of this paper is more specific: how are group buying communities formed and what are the characteristics of the participants? These group buying communities- here on called consumer flocks- are consumer-initiated, private, user-created sites set up specifically for aggregating buyers, users, and other influencers for an e-commerce exchange. These participants of the consumer flock derive greater economic value (lower prices) than purchasing as individuals. In the past, sites such as mercata. com, accompany. com, letsbuyit. om and mobshop. com have attempted to aggregate buyers though with a professional or business profit motive. A new site, eSwarm. com, intends to provide a similar platform but was not launched as of date. While all social media provide a channel for consumer flocking, social network sites provide a powerful vehicle for consumer aggregation on the internet. The purpose of many-to-many communications is succinctly described thus: a social trend i n which â€Å"†¦people using technologies to get the things they need from one another †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Social network sites are defined as â€Å"web-based services that allow individuals to (1) construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system (Boyd and Ellison, 2008). Charron et al. (2006) propose that social computing will lead to the new product innovation process to shift from top-down to bottom-up, the value to the consumer will shift from ownership to experience and power will shift from institutions to communities (consumers). Based on Li and Bernoff (2008), Forrester Research Inc. is recognizing the impact social technologies have on the performance of companies and satisfying their customer by instituting awards for best practices in these categories: listening, talking, energizing, supporting, embracing, managing, and social impact. As we can see, social media impacts all stages of the consumption process, from product innovation and creation to the consumption and use experience of the consumer. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PROPENSITY FOR CONSUMER FLOCKING There are several reasons which motivate an individual buyer to self-organize on the internet. Such factors as willingness to flock, the need for socialization, online trust and online commitment influence the individual’s propensity to flock. Further, social, structural and financial bonds drive the process of flock formation as does newly found consumer power. The higher the individually perceived economic, social or psychological value, the higher will be the consumer’s propensity for flocking on the internet. Willingness to flock is one of the most important factors that determine whether there will be a deal or not. This willingness to flock will depend on the specific product offered by the marketer to the flock and the accompanying price and may be limited to a particular size, color or technical configuration. There are several concepts from existing research streams that impact the propensity to flock. According to Klein, 2005 traditional group buying draws on the economic value created in the process for the buyer (and seller). This remains the key motivation for individual consumers to self-organize. Learning and conditioning theories (Bandura, 1977; Rescorla and Solomon, 1967) suggest that expectation of positive reinforcements and the resulting feelings of self-efficacy may induce consumers to group or flock. While the key value that individuals in an online community site derive would not be only economic in nature, the purpose of consumer flocking is to obtain enhanced economic value in the purchase transaction. Theories related to cognitive consistency (Festinger, 1957) posit that consumer flocking reduces psychological tension by providing consistency and continuity with the online group. Proposition 1: Higher level of the willingness to flock will lead to a greater propensity to flock. Literature in the areas of social groups, social exchange theory and group influence processes provide several factors influencing consumer flocking. Group socialization literature posits the need for socialization, assuming a presence of norms (Moreland and Levine, 1982), to be a driving force for an individual. Further, trust that develops between and within existing and new members in a consumer flock will encourage group socialization. Literature in the formation and continuation of reference groups address the concepts of group conformity, avoidance of conflict and affiliation through membership. The current members of a consumer flock may influence the new or potential members if these new members feel a degree of similarity with the group characteristics, values and beliefs (Merton, 1968), there is sustained interaction with others and they consider the flock’s leaders as â€Å"significant others† (Bock et al. , 1983). Network theory forwards the concepts of cohesion and homophily as drivers of network and dyad formation. Proposition 2: Higher level of group socialization will lead to a greater propensity to flock. One of the central concept in the relationship marketing literature that may be applied to the online context are online trust. In a large-scale empirical study of online trust, Bart et al. (2005) examine several types of websites and indicate the key drivers of online trust. The authors define online trust based on consumer perceptions against expectations, believability of the information and confidence in the site. For the â€Å"society and community† category- the category that comes close to our context of social media- the key drivers identified by the authors were â€Å"privacy, absence of errors and community features†. While they identify â€Å"information risk† to be a factor for such sites, we would expect social risk and psychological risk as relevant factors for social media and would impact the member’s online trust. Other research considers competence and dependability of site sponsor, security of site, and reliability as drivers of trust online. Proposition 3: Higher level of the perceived online trust will lead to a greater propensity to flock. Hsieh et al. (2005) studied the impact of social, structural and financial bonds on search, experience andcredence goods/services bought online. They found that for search goods- typically, most tangible products- financial bonds may have the greatest impact on online commitment. However, considering the context of the channel, it is expected that social bonds would play a role in the continued commitment of the participants. Literature in social psychology suggests that self-efficacy and (product) expertise would impact an individual’s motivation to join a consumer flock online. Proposition 4: Higher level of social bonds as perceived by the consumer will lead to a greater propensity to flock. The phenomenon of the shifting of consumer power on the internet has been of interest to scholars (Li and Bernoff, 2008; McConnell and Huba, 2007; Pitt et al. , 2002; Rezabakhsh et al. , 2006). Pitt et al. 2002) discuss the following trends that have increased consumer power in the internet domain: access to accurate, unbiased information; ability to talk to lots of other consumers; ability to band together with lots of other customers; heightening awareness of a firm’s shortcomings; quickly finding legal information; and talking to firms in the public domain. Rezabakhsh et al. (2006) have studied the well-accepted bases of power proposed by French and Raven (1959) to the internet context and conclude d that the expert,sanction and legitimate bases of power are the most relevant for study. When consumers perceive the organizer or lead initiator of the target website to have the qualities of expert, sanction and legitimate power they are more likely to be attracted to the site. Proposition 5: A greater perception of (i) expert, (ii) sanction and (iii) legitimate bases of power of the lead initiator of the website will lead to a greater propensity to flock. One important determinant of action by the consumer to flock is the perceived value of the transaction. Several benefits and costs that may be considered in determining the value to the consumer (and discussed earlier in the paper) include: potential for lower purchase price; price dynamics, aggregate bidding behavior and individual’s economic benefit (Kauffman and Wang, 2001); expectation of positive reinforcement (psychic benefit) or reduction of psychological tension due to cohesion and homophily (safety-in-numbers); need for socialization, group conformity and affiliation, and avoidance of conflict (social or group benefits); and search, information, communication, and coordination costs (Klein, 2005). Proposition 6: A higher perceived value of the transaction at the website will lead to a greater propensity to flock. Consumers and Social Media Social media has become a household name among organizations and society. Knowledge Networks reports that 83% of the internet population uses social media, with 47% of those using it on a weekly basis. According to the Nielsen Company, globally, consumers spent more than 5. 5 hours on social networking sites in December 2009 which is an 82% increase year-over-year, when users were spending three-plus hours on social networking sites. Facebook was the top social networking site in December, with 67% of global users visiting the site that month. In the U. S, people have continued to spend more time on social networking sites, with total minutes increasing 210% year-over-year in December 2009. Additionally, the time per person increased 143% year-over-year. Facebook and Twitter continue to lead the pack with year-over-year growth spent by U. S increasing 200% and 368%. According to a study by the Pew Research Center and contrary to how social media statistics appear, adults make up the bulk of these users on social networks in comparison to teens. Adults make up a larger portion of the population than teens, because the 35% of adults represents a higher number of users than 65% of teens. That said, younger adults in the 18-24 age group are much more likely to use social networks with 75% compared to 7% of adults 65-plus. Facebook, which recently surpassed yahoo as the second most visited website, saw its user base grow from 42 million to 103 million in 2009 which is a 144. 8% growth rate. The 35-plus age group represents more than 30% of the entire user base and the 55-plus age group grew 922. % in 2009. Social Media in Organizations Given these types of numbers, it’s no surprise that organizations have also begun to embrace social media for business. According to the 2010 Digital Marketing Outlook, 81% of executives surveyed are expecting an increase in social media projects and will be investing more money into digital projects and reducing the money spent on traditional marketing. The survey also showed that social n etworks were high on the to-do list with 45% reporting that they were a top priority in 2010. When looking at Fortune 100 companies, 54% are on Twitter, 32% have a blog and 29% have an active Facebook page. Only 17% of companies are using all three of the above social networks, with the average Fortune 100 Twitter account having 5,234 followers. The median is 674 followers. It’s not only large businesses increasing in social media use. According to a BIA/Kelsey Local Commerce Monitor study, there’s increasing interest from small and mid-size businesses putting social media to work for them. The report showed that 9% of mid-size companies use Twitter and 32% plan to use social media in the next 12 months. According to the study by Coleman-Parks Research of the importance of business social media marketing, 84% of North American companies feel they require new methods to interact with customers, including social media. The study states that companies who do not use social media do so â€Å"at their own peril,† meaning they are missing opportunities to grow and are likely to find themselves behind companies who embrace media tools. Companies who do use social media reported the following: Improved Feedback 78% Improved Customer Satisfaction 66% Improved Customer support 71% Increased Sales 40% Improved public perception of company 75% Engagement with Consumers On the other end of the spectrum, consumers are engaging with brands on social networks more. According to a 2008 Cone Business Social Media Study , 60 percent of Americans use social media and of those, 50 percent interact with companies on social media web sites. Additionally, 93 percent of social media users believe a company should have a presence in social media, and to top that off, 85 percent believe that a company should also interact with its consumers resulting in a stronger connection and being better served. A study of media use of college students confirmed that four out of every 10 college students have reported friending a brand on a social network, compare to 19 percent of adults A new study conducted by ForeSee Results of nearly 10,000 visitors to the 40 largest U. S. retail sites found that 56% of shoppers are friends, following or subscribing to a retailer on social networking sites, particularly Facebook, Twitter and YouTube. It also found that more than half of all online shoppers use Facebook, but only a quarter of the top 100 retailers by sales volume have their own presence on Facebook . Influence on Purchasing Decisions The question to be asked is- are users visiting social media sites to help make purchasing decisions? Even though 83% of the internet population participates in social media, one study reports that less than 5% of those users go to the social sites for guidance on purchasing decisions. Along with that, only 16% of the users say that they would be more likely to buy from companies that advertise on the sites. According to a Pew Internet study on adults and social network sites, social media sites are mostly used for personal networking with 89% using their online profiles to keep up with friends, 57% using their profile to make plans with friends and 49% using them to make new friends. Additionally, according to the eMarketer â€Å"Women’s Survey,† even though more than one-half of women are active in social media, 74. 8% reported not being influenced by it when it came to purchase decisions and just over one-fifth said they were somewhat influenced and only 3. 3% reported greater influence. Additionally, female internet users said they were much more likely to say online purchase decision were affected by coupons and discounts, product ratings, and online advertisements, than by online communities (Are Women Really Ignoring Social Networking, 2009). That said, an iProspect research study showed that social networking sites are influencing the purchasing decisions of a meaningful percentage of the internet users who visit them. For example, according to new data from comScore, nearly $16 billion was spent during the first 36 days of the 2009 holiday shopping season (Nov. ) which was a 3% increase versus 2008. What also was found was that 28% of shoppers said that social media influenced their purchases in 2009. A study by DEI and OTX on the impact of social media on purchasing decision showed that consumers rely on different social networking sites, as much as company websites for brand/product information. Companies that use social media in an engaging way with their cu stomers increase their likelihood of them making a purchase. Sixty percent of people reported that they pass along information they receive online in social media websites and two-thirds agreed that recommendations from other people could influence their purchase decisions. Additionally, talking with a brand representative online was shown to strong influence the purchasing decision . Companies using social media are reporting returns on investments (ROI) from using social media. Dell, who established their Twitter account over two years ago, claimed to have brought in more than $3 million from Twitter followers who clicked through their posts, to the web site, and followed through with a purchase. An Atlanta aquarium had their staff spend a minimal amount of time and resources to send out information through Facebook, MySpace and Twitter, with their efforts bringing in $42,000 – equating to 2,500 admission tickets. Yet, the aquarium admits that it’s hard to say how many people would have come without the promotion and how many came because they received a discount . Naked Pizza, an all-natural New Orleans pizza place has also generated a positive ROI due to their social media efforts. Co-founder Jeff Leach says he was able to drive 15% of his daily revenues with Twitter and of those, 90% were new customers . OBJECTIVES 1. To determine whether or not consumers are influenced to make a purchase by brands/organizations using social media 2. To determine whether gender is a factor 3. To determine whether age is a factor 4. To determine whether time spent on social networks is a factor 5. To understand the concept of â€Å"consumer flocking†. METHODOLOGY Social media use is increasing and it’s followed by a rise in the number of brands/organizations investing more time and money into marketing, advertising, and interacting with consumers via social networks. Little research has taken place on whether the time and money spent, contributes to a consumer’s decision to make a purchase. This study was undertaken to: 1. Address whether or not consumers are influenced to make a purchase by brands/organizations using social media 2. Determine whether gender is a factor 3. Determine whether age is a factor 4. Determine whether time spent on social networks is a factor Subject Selection and Description The subjects in this study were randomly asked via social networks if they would like to take an online, anonymous survey. There were no limitations as to who could take the survey. The survey addressed: - Whether the participants use social media. What social networks they use? -How much time they spend on social networks? -Whether they connect with brands on social networks? -Whether they make purchases online and how many. -Whether they interact with brands on social networks. -Whether they’ve made a purchase because of a brand on a social network. -Whether they think the brands on social networks influence purchasing decisions. -Their age group -Their gender Data Collection Procedures During the time period of 10TH OCTOBER TO 25TH OCTOBER 2011, an 11-question survey was sent electronically to 30 people via email, asking them to take the survey. Additionally, the survey was open to voluntary participants using Facebook and Twitter. The participants in the email were selected specifically target those people who may or may not use social media. The use of Facebook and Twitter was used to target those participants who do use social media. Data Analysis Data analysis included calculating percentages of responses for each question addressed. The percentages of the data will then be analyzed to determine if it’s probable that people make purchasing decision based on their interaction with a brand on social media and any significant correlations. Limitations Limitations of the study are that: 1. It was not determined whether or those answer yes to being influenced to make a purchase online because of a brand/organization being on a social network, wouldn’t have made the purchase otherwise. 2. The study does not address whether or not organizations report an increase in sales that come directly via social media. . This is partially a convenience sample and maybe not be representative of the population RESULTS During the time period of 10TH OCTOBER TO 25TH OCTOBER 2011, an 11-question survey was given to 30 participants to assess their social media usage and whether or not interacting with a brand on social media influenced a purchasing decision. The participants in the email were selected specifically target t hose people who may or may not use social media. The use of Facebook and Twitter was used to target those participants who do use social media. RESULTS USE The data showed that 28% of participants used social media for personal use only, 25% used social media for business use only and 22% used social media for personal and business use. TYPES Facebook was on top with 88% of participants, followed by 48% on You Tube, 37% on LinkedIn and Twitter and 28% on Flickr. TIME Most participants spend five hours or less using social media (51%), with 28% spending six to 10 hours, 8% spending 11-20 hours and 2% spending more than 25 hours a week. CONNECTIONS Fifty-four percent of participants are connected to brands via social media. Of those, 25% interact with brands on social media. Of those 25% that interact with brands, 20% have 14 purchased a product online or in store because of an interaction. Of that 20%, online coupons and reviews contributed to the purchases sometimes (8%), always (5%), rarely (2%), and never (8%). Also of that 20%, all of had made purchases online at least once to more than 30 purchases. Of those connected and not connected to brands, 20% of participants said that definitely yes, purchase decisions are influenced by brand interaction, 60% think probably yes, and 14% probably no. FINDINGS Given these statistics, we step back to answer some of the questions addressed in the literature review. Give the small sample size, we cannot consider these results to be representative of the population but they do lead to the following conclusions: We can consider it to be true that consumers’ purchasing decisions can be influenced by their interaction with brands via social media, given that 20% of the 54% of participants that interacted with brands have made a purchase because of that interaction. We can consider it to be true that purchasing decisions influenced by brands may or may not be also influenced by online coupons or reviews. When it came to think about whether others’ purchasing decision are influenced by brands, 60% said it’s probable, while 20% said it’s likely. There was no distinct correlation between those who said it was probable and those that actually made a purchase because of the interaction. Age and gender may or may not be a contributing factor. The correlations were not significant. It’s probable that the more time spent on social networks, the more likely a consumer is to be influenced by a purchasing decision given that of the 20% that made a purchase, 8% spent 6 to 10 hours and 8% spent 11 to 20 hours on social networks. Additionally, all of those that were influenced to make a purchasing decision used Facebook. Further research from a representative sample will need to be completed to more deeply understand what exactly in the interaction with the brand is affecting a consumer’s purchasing decision including the types of interactions, larger demographic samples, and focus groups to discuss the nature of purchasing decisions and whether these purchases would have taken place 16 regardless of the participation. Future research will also have to be done from the analytics side of a company, for example, how many people came in from a social media site and made a purchase. APPENDIX Social Media Survey 1. Do you currently use social media tools? Yes for personal use only Yes for business use only Yes for personal and business use No (skip to question 9) 2. If yes, which social media tools do you use? (check all that apply) Facebook Twitter MySpace Linkedin Flickr You Tube Technorati Digg Delicious Other, please specify 3. On average, how much time do you spend per week using social media tools? 0 5 hours 10 hours 11 20 hours 25+ hours 4. Are you connected to any brands/organizations on social networks? (e. g. Being a Facebook fan of Pepsi or following airlines on Twitter) Yes No (skip to question 6) 5. Do you interact with brands/organizations on social networks? Yes No 6. On average, how many online purchases do you make per year? I dont buy online 1 5 6 10 11 20 21 3025 31+ 7. Have yo u purchased a product online or in-store because of your interaction with a brand/organization on a social network? Yes No (skip to question 9) I dont interact with brands/organizations (skip to question 9) . As part of that interaction that led to a purchase, did coupons or online reviews from others contribute to your purchasing decision(s)? Yes, always Yes, sometimes Yes, rarely No, never 9. Do you think that a brand/organization being on a social network influences the purchasing decisions of others? Definitely Yes Probably Yes Definitely No Probably No 10. Gender Male Female 11. Age Under 18 18 25 26 31 32 40 41 50 51+ CONCLUSION In conclusion, from the research we can consider the following items to be true: From the research, we can consider that the following items might or might not be true: Although it’s possible that feedback, customer satisfaction, and public perception are results of social media use by organizations, does the fact that they are using it via social media translate to a sale that might have not happened otherwise. Are organizations clearly investigating their social media ROI versus traditional ROI? This research study seeks to answer some of the above questions including: Are consumers influenced by a purchase solely because the brand is using social media, not necessarily if they are engaging with the chosen tool? Is age or gender a factor in the influence of social media and purchase decisions? Are consumers more likely to buy if influenced with a coupon via a social site, in comparison to a coupon offered elsewhere (direct mail)? Are consumers more likely to purchase a product if a brand is providing product information via a social network? RECOMMENDATIONS For years, marketers assumed that consumers started with a large number of potential brands in mind and methodically winnowed their choices until theyd decided which one to buy. After purchase, their relationship with the brand typically focused on the use of the product or service itself. [pic]. NOW THE CONSUMER DECISION JOURNEY New research shows that rather than systematically narrowing their choices, consumers add and subtract brands from a group under consideration during an extended evaluation phase. After purchase, they often enter into an open-ended relationship with the brand, sharing their experience with it online. [pic]. Consider Buy Marketers often overemphasize the consider and buy stages of the journey, allocating more resources than they should to building awareness through advertising and encouraging purchase with retail promotions. Evaluate Advocate New media make the evaluate and advocate stages increasingly relevant. Marketing investments that help consumers navigate the evaluation process and then spread positive word of mouth about the brands they choose can be as important as building awareness and driving purchase. Bond If consumers bond with a brand is strong enough, they repurchase it without cycling through the earlier decision-journey stages. By David C. Edelman David C. Edelman ([emailprotected] com) is a coleader of McKinsey Companys Global Digital Marketing Strategy practice. Idea in Brief Consumers today connect with brands in fundamentally new ways, often through media channels that are beyond manufacturers and retailers control. That means traditional marketing strategies must be redesigned to accord with how brand relationships have changed. Once, a shopper would systematically winnow his brand choices to arrive at a final selection and complete his engagement by making a purchase. Now, relying heavily on digital interactions, he evaluates a shifting array of options and remains engaged with the brand through social media after a purchase. Smart marketers will study this consumer decision journey for their products and use the insights they gain to revise strategy, media spend, and organizational roles. Block That Metaphor Marketers have long used the famous funnel metaphor to think about touch points: Consumers would start at the wide end of the funnel with many brands in mind and narrow them down to a final choice. Companies have traditionally used paid-media push marketing at a few well-defined points along the funnel to build awareness, drive consideration, and ultimately inspire purchase. But the metaphor fails to capture the shifting nature of consumer engagement. In the June 2009 issue of McKinsey Quarterly, my colleague David Court and three coauthors introduced a more nuanced view of how consumers engage with brands: the consumer decision journey (CDJ). They developed their model from a study of the purchase decisions of nearly 20,000 consumers across five industriesautomobiles, skin care, insurance, consumer electronics, and mobile telecomand three continents. Their research revealed that far from systematically narrowing their choices, todays consumers take a much more iterative and less reductive journey of four stages: consider, evaluate, buy, and enjoy, advocate, bond. CONSIDER. The journey begins with the consumers top-of-mind consideration set: products or brands assembled from exposure to ads or store displays, an encounter at a friends house, or other stimuli. In the funnel model, the consider stage contains the largest number of brands; but todays consumers, assaulted by media and awash in choices, often reduce the number of products they consider at the outset. EVALUATE. The initial consideration set frequently expands as consumers seek input from peers, reviewers, retailers, and the brand and its competitors. Typically, theyll add new brands to the set and discard some of the originals as they learn more and their selection criteria shift. Their outreach to marketers and other sources of information is much more likely to shape their ensuing choices than marketers push to persuade them. BUY. Increasingly, consumers put off a purchase decision until theyre actually in a storeand, as well see, they may be easily dissuaded at that point. Thus point of purchasewhich exploits placement, packaging, availability, pricing, and sales interactionsis an ever more powerful touch point. ENJOY, ADVOCATE, BOND. After purchase, a deeper connection begins as the consumer interacts with the product and with new online touch points. More than 60% of consumers of facial skin care products, my McKinsey colleagues found, conduct online research about the products after purchasea touch point entirely missing from the funnel. When consumers are pleased with a purchase, theyll advocate for it by word of mouth, creating fodder for the evaluations of others and invigorating a brands potential. Of course, if a consumer is disappointed by the brand, she may sever ties with itor worse. But if the bond becomes strong enough, shell enter an enjoy-advocate-buy loop that skips the consider and evaluate stages entirely. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The limitations of this study are: 1. There is a short time-frame allowing for only one survey, test period and a small number of those surveyed. 2. There is not enough long-term research on behalf of organizations to track the possible purchase influence. 3. This study will not track actual purchases. Results will be based upon survey results. 4. This study will not take into account how organizations are using social media, and if they are using it as effectively as possible. Methodology Data will be obtained through the use of an online survey. REFERENCES 1. JOURNAL OF ACADEMY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS, Volume 9, Number 3, 2009 2. September 2010 Journal OF Advertising Research. 3. May 2009 Harvard Business Review and Harvard Business Publishing Newsletter content on EBSCOhost 4. Wikipedia

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act - Essay Example This refers to the involvement of the federal government’s computers or prescribed financial bodies in instances where the committed crime is of an interstate nature. To clarify the provisions of the original Act further, trafficking in passwords, rebuffing service attacks and malicious distribution of codes was also criminalized by the CFAA. The Act also underwent several amendments in a bid to eliminate overlaps and fill loopholes between 1989 and 2008. With examples, this paper will question the legitimate effect of the CFAA: Has it been a success or failure in preventing computer fraud and abuse? This question is driven by the vagueness of the law, which has the potential of exposing it to flaws and prosecutorial abuse. By its definition, the Act can be perceived from two angles in terms of the computers it covers (Granville, 2003). The covered computers are referred to as protected computers, and in this sense, theoretically, a protected computer is defined as one meant f or exclusive use by the government of the United States or by a financial institution. It also refers to any other computer which uses the government or financial institution is injuriously affected by conduct that constitutes an offense. This includes computers not within the United States, which affect foreign or interstate communication and commerce of the United States. ... Since Congress did not describe clearly what was meant by that, it raises questions as to whether prosecutors will be of the opinion that a violator of terms of service of a website deserves time in jail or not (Jarrett & Bailie, 2010). Would such an opinion be reasonable or excessively harsh? Further, does the law need to separate the way it treats criminal intentions on the Internet that result in grave harm to the security of social, civic, and financial institutions from what is considered everyday Internet activity? In the light of the current scramble for the Internet, lawmakers need to quantify the effectiveness of the CFAA and decide on how to respond to various stakeholders and interested parties. For instance, some foreign countries are seeking control over the Internet; powerful individuals and corporate organizations want it shaped in ways beneficial to them while undermining national interests; military regimes are spying, attacking and oppressing both private and public institutions; and intelligence and law enforcing agencies are seeking to monitor and mine it (Jarrett & Bailie, 2010). An analysis of these areas will enable lawmakers to determine the success or failure of the CFAA so far, and whether or not reforms are required. In the widespread example of the Aaron law, it is open to argument whether Aaron Swartz committed a federal crime by downloading content from JSTOR, a well-known archive for academic documents, on which he had an account. After JSTOR administrators became aware of the downloads in 2011, they blocked them and did not pursue criminal charges.  

Essay queastion Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Queastion - Essay Example Muhammad captured the Mecca city later in 630 after the Mecca’s population surrendered. Mecca community accepted Islamic religion and recognized Muhammad as the supreme leader. However, quite a number of tribes were against the Muhammad’s teachings and religion. Muhammad later died leaving no message about the leadership and future of Islamic religion. A new leader was immediately declared by the top advisers of Muhammad, and Abu Bakr was chosen as the leader, However, Unlike Muhammad whose leadership style was well known, Abu Bakr was referred as the successor of Muhammad. Abu Bakr took over most parts of Arabia in his two year leadership. Tribes that were against Islamic authority faced Abu Bakr army under the leadership of Khalid ibn alwalid. The takeover of Arabia by Muslim community led to the establishment Caliph, the central control that formed strong alliance between Arabs and the Muslim community. This was one of the merits of growth and power of Islamic religion because coalition between Muslim communities led to formation of strong army. Establishment of a strong army after formation of Caliph led to the capture of other territories such as Byzantine Empire. Other cities were also captured in Iraq after the battle between Muslim troops and the Persians. New leadership of Muslim community continued the spread of Islamic religion. After the death of Abu Bakr, Umar led on capturing other territories such as Iran and some parts of Asia, with thcConquest being also expanded to northern parts of Africa and to Europe. Muhammad being anti-Christ offered death threats to those who refused to convert to Islam. Additionally, his teachings motivated soldiers in war, and were told that those who died fighting for him would be speared during the Day of Judgment in heaven. Syrians and Egyptian Christians accepted Islamic religion easily because they could not bear hardships they were facing from Christianity religions such as

What Happened In The Tlatelolco Massacre History Essay

What Happened In The Tlatelolco Massacre History Essay The Plaza of the Three Cultures, known as the Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Spanish, symbolizes Mexicos unique cultural heritage. La Plaza de las Tres Culturas was once the center of one of the most powerful Native American empires, the Aztecs, located in the ancient city of Tlatelolco. The square contains the remains of the Aztec temples and is flanked by the Colonial Cathedral of Santiago, and the Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores (Department of Foreign of Affairs) building. Las Tres Culturas is in recognition of the three periods of Mexican history reflected by those buildings: pre-Columbian, Spanish colonial, and the independent mestizo nation. The plaza not only represents three cultures but is an important reminder of the Mexican spirit of determination. It is the site where the Aztecs made their final stand against the Spanish army in 1521 and the massacre of 1968. It has been called Mexicos Tiananmen Square, Mexicos Kent State. During the presidency of Gustavo Dà ­az Ordaz (1964-1970), there were several antecedents to the 1968 student confrontations with the Mexican government, but nothing comparable to the Tlatelolco Massacre that occurred on the night of October 2, 1968, in Mexico Citys Plaza de las Tres Culturas. Background The year1968 was a year of political turmoil around the world. The International Olympic Committeeheaded by Avery Brundage from the U.S.had chosen Mexico as the first Third World country ever to host the Olympic Games. This was aimed both to draw oppressed countries into imperialist-dominated world sport and to showcase Mexico as a model of U.S.-sponsored growth and relative stability. Mexico was supposed to provide a contrast to the national liberation struggles which were shaking most of Latin America, Asia, and Africa and sparking rebellions in the imperialist citadels from Detroit to Paris as well. To date, no other Latin America country has subsequently hosted the Olympic Games. The Mexican government invested a massive $150 million in preparations for the Olympics, an ostentatious amount considering the poverty that existed in Mexico. The Mexican president during the Olympics, Gustavo Dà ­az Ordaz ineptly strained tenuous conditions in Mexico in an attempt to preserve the peac e. During the Dà ­az Ordaz presidency, Mexicans endured the suppression of independent labor unions, peasant farmers, and the economy. From this general dissatisfaction with President Dà ­az Ordaz, the student movement was born. Initially their demands were limited to greater employment and respect for university autonomy; however, the struggles of the factory workers and rural peasants soon resonated with them. This movement of rebellious students was touched off on July 24 when a fight between gangs at two high schools connected with the longtime rivals, the Mexican National Autonomous University (UNAM) and National Politechnical Institute (IPN, or Poli), was viciously put down by antiriot police called granaderos. When outraged vocational students protested, granaderos attacked again, killing many. In response, students seized buses and put up barricades to defend their schools. Student strikes and takeovers hit high schools all over the capital. The high school students were supported by UNAM and IPN students. Students from 70 universities and preparatory schools in Mexico formed a grassroots National Strike Council (CNH) and put forward six strike demands: disband the granaderos; fire police chiefs; investigate and punish higher officials responsible for the repression; pay compensation for students killed and injured; repeal laws making social dissolutionbreaking down of societya crime (under these laws many independent unionists and communists had been jailed); and free political prisoners, including students arrested in the recent disturbances as well as those seized earlier for social dissolution. Within three days the government had to call in the army to take back several Mexico City prepas (preparatoriashigh schools connected to universities). There were clashes which led to many hundreds of arrests and injuries. Thirty-two students had been killed since the first confrontation, but this only fired up the youths resistance. The student strike spread to the UNAM, IPN, and universities throughout the country, supported by a majority of professors. By late August and September the students were calling marches of 300,000 to 600,000 people; important contingents of workers and peasants participated regularly. Over the coming months, the student movement gained support from students outside the capital and other segments of society that continued to build until that October, despite several instances of violence. CNH Tactics Student brigades strained their creativity and skills to foil police and get the word out. Engineering students designed balloons which would burst when they got to a certain height and rain leaflets on the heads of pedestrians. Acting students put on realistic street theater in which a student and a conservative woman in pearls and heels carried out loud debates in crowded markets. Hundreds of observers would be drawn in, the majority on the side of the youth, and the advanced would be quietly contacted by undercover students in the crowd. Some students found that they and the barrio or slum dwellers spoke what seemed to be two different languages. They had to throw out bookish talk and learn from the vivid calà ³ slang of the streets. After a full day of brigade work, they would spend the night in classrooms they had taken over, discussing the conditions and outrages the masses had exposed them to and figuring out how to use this new knowledge in their leaflets and agitation. The red and white buses of the IPN, always with some daring students and a loudspeaker perched on the roof, became famous for a kind of roving speak-in. Workers, market vendors, and even mariachi singers would climb up on the bus roof one after another to voice their support or disagreement with the students demands or tactics and to air their grievances. In some neighborhoods, just the appearance of an IPN bus was enough to immediately attract crowds of hundreds of people who would gather around. Students captured the spirit of the people in a way that the national government was never able to do. In fact, the national government was despised by its people. Mexican Government The turmoil of the 1960s in part reflected a widespread dissatisfaction among Mexicans with the rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRI was aptly described in 1968 as entrenched, stagnant, and primarily self-serving in the eyes of many Mexicans. The PRI controlled the nation with an iron fist for over 70 consecutive years. The party has been known to use violence, manipulation and corruption to win elections and hide information from the public, such as the details concerning the Tlatelolco massacre. President Gustavo Diaz Ordaz was known for an authoritarian manner of rule over his cabinet and country, despite Mexico being a democratic country. Luis Escheverria, Interior Secretary to Ordaz, was also known for a no nonsense attitude against student protesters. The Mexican governments planned response to the student rally on the evening of October 2 was called Operation Galeano. The most definitive account of this operation, culminating with the Tlatelolco Massacre, is found in a Mexican special prosecutors report released in November 2006. According to this report, early on October 2 elements of the militarys Estado Mayor Presidencial (the Presidential High Command) were placed in apartments on the upper floors of the Chihuahua apartment building and other apartment buildings surrounding Tlatelolcos Plaza de las Tres Culturas. Once the rally started, the Army, using from 5,000 to 10,000 soldiers (the accounts varying) and more than 300 tanks and other vehicles, would surround the plaza to prevent those attending the rally from fleeing, while armed military men in civilian clothes, members of a unit called the Batallà ³n Olimpia that had been organized to help protect the Olympic Games, would prevent anyone from entering or leaving the Chi huahua apartment building, in which the organizers of the rally were to be arrested. The planned response of the government ended in bloodshed by the order of Luis Escheverria. Tlatelolco Massacre: The Event On October 1, the CNH held two rallies at UNAM. Speakers urged the thousands of students present to attend an October 2 rally at the Plaza de las Tres Culturas, in the Tlatelolco area of Mexico City, to be followed by a march to Casco de Santo Tomà ¡s to demand the withdrawal of authorities from the IPN campus. On October 2, 1968, approximately 10,000 people, most of them students carrying red carnations, arrived in the vast colonial plaza of Tlatelolco for a demonstration. At 6:04 p.m. green and red flares dropped from helicopters, soldiers burst into the square, tanks blocked the exits and an elite plainclothes battalion stormed the speakers platform on the third-floor balcony of an apartment building, where the National Strike Committee, the leadership body of the student movement, was stationed and opened fire. The gunfire lasted for sixty-two minutes, then started again and continued for hours. Late in the evening, when the shooting finally ceased, scores of demonstrators lay d ead and woundedchildren and the elderly among them. The official government explanation of the incident was that armed provocateurs among the demonstrators, stationed in buildings overlooking the crowd, had begun the firefight. Suddenly finding themselves sniper targets, the security forces had simply returned the shooting in self-defense. By the next morning, newspapers reported that 20 to 28 people had been killed, hundreds wounded, and hundreds more arrested. Most of the Mexican media reported that the students provoked the armys murderous response with sniper fire from the apartment buildings surrounding the plaza. El Dà ­as morning headline on October 3, 1968 read as followed: Criminal Provocation at the Tlatelolco Meeting Causes Terrible Bloodshed. The government-controlled media dutifully reported the Mexican governments side of the events that night, painting the students as trouble makers who needed to be brought to order by any and all means necessary. Olympic Games 1968 Controversy The death of hundreds did not even phase the International Olympic Committee. They did not consider to cancelling the games, due to their belief that the massacre was an isolated event involving a social minority. On October 16, 1968, an action by two African-American sprinters at the Mexico City Olympics shook the sporting world. Tommie Smith and John Carlos, the gold and bronze medalists in the mens 200-meter race, took their places on the podium for the medal ceremony barefooted and wearing civil rights badges, lowered their heads and each defiantly raised a black-gloved fist as the Star Spangled Banner was played to show their support for the student protesters and the Olympic Project for Human Rights. Some people (particularly IOC president Avery Brundage) felt that a political statement had no place in the international forum of the Olympic Games. In an immediate response to their actions, Smith and Carlos were suspended from the U.S. team by Brundage and banned from the Olympi c Village. Those who opposed the protest said the actions disgraced all Americans. Supporters, on the other hand, praised the men for their bravery. Tlatelolco Massacre: Response and Investigation Some argue that an understanding of the domestic political context within Mexico explains why the government reacted in such a harsh manner. Mexico stayed relatively isolated from other foreign powers which provided them more freedom in their ability to deal with their domestic problems. The strongest censure from abroad that Mexico received for the massacre was a mild finger wagging from the representatives of a few foreign governments. The worlds failure to confront and condemn the actions of the Mexican government fueled the killing rampage throughout Mexico in the years to follow. In 1998, President Ernesto Zedillo, on the 30th anniversary of the Tlatelolco massacre, authorized a congressional investigation into the events of October 2. However, the PRI government continued its recalcitrance (defiance of authority) and did not release official government documents pertaining to the incident. Eventually in 2001, President Vicente Fox, the historic president that ended the 70-year reign of the PRI, attempted to resolve the greatest of these unanswered questions: who had orchestrated the massacre? President Fox ordered the release of previously classified documents concerning the 1968 massacre. The documents revealed that the students did not open fire first and showed that the snipers were members of the Presidential Guard, who were instructed to fire on the military forces in order to provoke them. President Fox also appointed Ignacio Carrillo Prieto in 2002 to prosecute those responsible for ordering the massacre. In June 2006, an ailing, 84-year-old Luis Eche verrà ­a was charged with genocide in connection with the massacre. He was placed under house arrest pending trial. In early July of that year, he was cleared of genocide charges, as the judge found that Echeverrà ­a could not be put on trial because the statute of limitations had expired. However, in March 2009, after a convoluted appeal process, the genocide charges against Echeverria were completely dismissed. Despite the ruling, prosecutor Carrillo Prieto said he would continue his investigation and seek charges against Echeverria before the United Nations International Court of Justice and the Inter-American Human Rights Commission. In October 2003, the role of the U.S. government in the massacre was publicized when the National Security Archive at George Washington University published a series of records from theCIA, the Pentagon, the State Department, the FBI and the White House which were released in response to Freedom of Information Act requests. The LITEMPO documents detail: That in response to Mexican government concerns over the security of the Olympic Games the Pentagon sent military radios, weapons, ammunition and riot control training material to Mexico before and during the crisis. That the CIA station in Mexico City produced almost daily reports concerning developments within the university community and the Mexican government from July to October. Six days before the massacre at Tlatelolco, both Echeverrà ­a and head of Federal Security (DFS) Fernando Guiterrez Barrios told the CIA that the situation will be under complete control very shortly. That the Dà ­az Ordaz government arranged to have student leader Sà ³crates Campos Lemus accuse dissident PRI politicians such as Carlos Madrazo of funding and orchestrating the student movement. Still, some today believe the United States government was only concerned with security and safety during the Olympic Games 68 and was not involved in the Tlatelolco massacre in any form. Determining who is at fault however, will not change the events that occurred on October 2, 1968. The blood and tears shed that day are still fresh in the minds of those who witnessed the horrific event. Remembering Tlatelolco In 1993, a stele was erected to remember those who lost their lives. The former headquarters of the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs is now a memorial museum called Memorial 68 to remember the Mexican student demonstrations and the Tlatelolco massacre victims and survivors. Each year the anniversary of the Tlatelolco massacre is marked with a march to the same plaza and a protest for the release of government records. On October 2, 2008, the 40th anniversary, two marches were held in Mexico City to commemorate the event. One traveled from Escuela Normal Superior de Maestros (Teachers College) to the Zocalo. The other went from the Instituto Politecnico Nacional to the massacre site of the Plaza de las Tres Culturas. According to the Comità © del 68 (68 Committee), one of the organizers of the event, 40,000 marchers were in attendance. Unfortunately, still too many are unfamiliar with the events that occurred since the massacre fails to appear in most history textbooks. When asked how this could be, high school Headmaster Samuel Gonzalez Montano, replied, You cant teach anything that didnt officially happen. As of now, the newest generation of Mexicans only have a general knowledge of the events surrounding the 68 Olympic Games, which are unavoidably intertwined. Gregory P. Groggel, a graduate of the University of Puget Sound, recounts: During a visit to the plaza, I encountered a group of boys playing soccer. When I inquired from one of them if he knew what happened in October of 1968 here in the plaza, he shrugged and looked around. I told him some 300 people died. He seemed lost and turned slowly to read the memorial he was sitting in front of and had lived near his whole life. The end of it reads: Who? Whom? No one. The next day, no one. The plaza awoke swept; The newspapers said for news the state of the weather. And on the television, on the radio, in the theaters, there was not a single change in the program, not a single announcement. Nor a moment of silence at the banquet (or following the banquet). The deaths of so many youths and protesters must not be forgotten. They deserve more than a simple moment of silence. Remember Tlatelolco. Fore, those who can not remember the past are condemned to repeat it.(George Santayana)